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Tony Breu
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1/17How do calcium channel blocks (e.g., amlodipine) cause edema? I've known since medical school that amlodipine can cause edema, but I’ve never taken the time to examine the mechanism.The explanation
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1/14Why is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose low in bacterial meningitis?Before we review potential mechanisms, I'm interested in the explanation you've heard/used.What do you think causes low CSF glucose (hypoglycorrhachia)? 2/Firs
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1/15Why do patients with liver injury or dysfunction have conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?If hepatocytes conjugate, why doesn't this "liver function" decrease in settings of severe inflammatory or fibrosis?Before I offer a fulle
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1/Why is tricuspid valve (TV) endocarditis more common in those who use intravenous drugs?The portal of entry for most bacteria is the venous system. If quick access to the right-heart
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1/Why do we administer potassium to a goal of ≥4.0 mEq/L?As an intern, potassium (oral or IV) was likely my most common order. How did this become a key part
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1/16Why do B12 and folate deficiencies lead to HUGE red blood cells?And, if the issue is DNA synthesis, why are red blood cells (which don't have DNA) the key cell
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1/Does the tryptophan in turkey really cause a food coma?I've heard this repeatedly, while also being told that it is a myth. Let's have a look at the physiology of
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1/17How does calcium "stabilize the cardiac membrane" in hyperkalemia?I learned early in my intern year to use calcium in the setting of severe hyperkalemia.I never really learned how it works.
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1/16Why do patients with primary polydipsia continue to drink, sometimes to the point of severe hyponatremia?To answer this question, we'll have to explore what makes us thirsty.Grab a beverage and
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1/Why is our thirst immediately quenched after the ingestion of water?As we'll note, it takes ~10 minutes for serum osmolarity to change. And yet thirst drops far more rapidly.Something must
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