a few years ago i quit grading participation and started grading engagement, which students can earn points for by completing a list of possible tasks outlined in the syllabus such as: coming to me for help with an assignment, showing me their reading notes, or bringing questions https://twitter.com/alexbryant_/status/1354067176320331776
there are lots of ways to earn them, suited to different people who learn in different ways & feel comfortable being engaged in different forms. Students can earn one for emailing me what they learned from another student in class discussion--showing that they are listening.
i became convinced a few years ago that bias could sneak into grades very easily through this 'participation' grade and so started giving everyone a 100. I decided that wasn't effective and came up with this scheme instead.