An #ARMY human rights cell that dismisses most complaints, a structurally flawed court-martial process and a law that blocks accountability. @penpencildraw illustrates the failures of military justice in India
https://www.article-14.com/post/the-injustice-of-india-s-military-justice-system

The Indian army has created a new human rights cell https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-creates-a-new-major-general-led-human-rights-cell/articleshow/80061714.cms led by a major general for “greater transparency and probity”.

First, some patriotic precautions.

Indian armed forces are accused at times of violating human rights. In December, the Jammu & Kashmir police filed charges against an Army officer for allegedly killing three men in a fake encounter last year. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shopian-fake-encounter-army-captain-among-3-named-in-charge-sheet/story-tSEYmSElUg4Pu2lZ4QnmYP.html

The Army already has a human rights cell, set up in 1993. https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=YOLFB1ZTe6mQRdOgh8kJ8Q==&ParentID=jH+NP8umFD3v8uePCQE9Ew==&flag=iNXnx5mxHn6q96cq6dB77g==

In 2019, the Army Chief even said the cell was being upgraded to a ‘directorate’.
https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-chief-bipin-rawat-citizenship-act-protests-human-rights-6187727/

Has the cell/directorate been effective? Hard to say. Its website hasn’t been updated in nearly ten years.
https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=YOLFB1ZTe6mQRdOgh8kJ8Q==&ParentID=jH+NP8umFD3v8uePCQE9Ew==&flag=iNXnx5mxHn6q96cq6dB77g==

The Army dismisses most of the allegations of human rights violations it receives.
https://www.indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=VmmYjp0xjkxRNVKJtKPGyw==&ParentID=G2J95WVsSVjXAJLs3q8y8g==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==

On what basis were the allegations dismissed? Again, hard to say, because the Army usually doesn’t reveal case information. https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/in-the-news/kashmir-encounter-releasing-court-martial-details-will-cause-public-outrage-says-army

What if security forces decide that an allegation is not unfounded? That’s where the military justice system kicks in.

A military court isn’t a permanent body like a regular court. It involves a trial by a temporary jury of soldiers convened by a senior officer.

And then there’s the JAG.

So does the court-martial system meet the basic requirements for a fair trial? https://scroll.in/article/737413/indias-court-martial-system-fails-on-all-counts-competence-independence-impartiality

In some cases, military courts have convicted soldiers, only for the judgements to be undone by an appeals tribunal on flimsy grounds. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/terrorists-wear-pathan-suits-says-tribunal-to-justify-bail-for-convicted-machil-soldiers/story-O5iVHPWPwCLpjUC1qGOxwK.html

An aside: the Indian military justice system for the Army and other forces is based on the British Indian Army Act of 1911. But the UK itself reformed its system after it was ruled to be unfair. http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-58016&filename=001-58016.pdf

But Indian armed forces still use this flawed system to avoid trials in civilian courts, as they did for the infamous Pathribal fake encounter. https://www.newsclick.in/pathribal-timeline-18-years-injustice

The main tool that security forces use to block civilian trials is the Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958 or AFSPA. This says that even when police find evidence against soldiers, they cannot prosecute them without permission from Delhi.

Whatever the party in power, the central government virtually never grants sanction, or permission, under the AFSPA to conduct civilian trials. http://pqars.nic.in/annex/244/Au1463.docx

So there must be a rigorous process to decide whether sanction should be granted, right? Right? https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/there-are-no-set-procedures-or-norms-to-sanction-afspa-cases-defence-ministry/articleshow/77186823.cms

International human rights standards say that military courts should not be used in cases of human rights violations. https://undocs.org/A/68/285 

And Indian defence experts admit our military justice system needs major reform. https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reportc051020.pdf

No matter how just and honest individual Indian soldiers may be, our military justice system is too faulty to be fair.