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[Thread] Learning from #COVID19 #superspread
USA Skagit Choir practice: 1 person with mild symptoms, 2.5-hours indoors, 50 infected, 2 deaths
“you can be inhaling what someone else exhaled even if they are far away from you” 1/ https://www.colorado.edu/today/2020/09/17/singing-unmasked-indoors-spreads-covid-19-through-aerosols-new-study-confirms
USA Skagit Choir practice: 1 person with mild symptoms, 2.5-hours indoors, 50 infected, 2 deaths“you can be inhaling what someone else exhaled even if they are far away from you” 1/ https://www.colorado.edu/today/2020/09/17/singing-unmasked-indoors-spreads-covid-19-through-aerosols-new-study-confirms
South Korea, restaurant #Covid19 #superspread CCTV shows 1 person infected another seated 6 metres away within 5 mins
“person was seated near a ceiling-type air conditioner, which blew virus droplets” 2/ https://www.verywellhealth.com/air-flow-covid-19-restaurant-outbreak-5090663
Germany, meat factory #Covid19 #superspread 1,500 workers infected, indoors at 10°C low humidity
“Cold & stale air conditions allowed coronavirus particles to travel more than 8 meters” 3/ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-23/virus-can-jump-26-feet-at-cold-meat-plants-filled-with-stale-air
Vietnam 10 hour flight #COVID19 #superspread 1 passenger infected 15 on same plane (no masks)
“12 were sitting in business class, along with patient, where seats are spread further apart, 2 in economy & 1 crew” 4/ https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/coronavirus-flight-transmission-planes-cdc-london-vietnam-superspreader-b514266.html & https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/11/20-3299_article
China, restaurant #Covid19 #superspread Infection of 10 persons from 3 families who had eaten at separate tables in air-conditioned restaurant
“key factor for infection was the direction of the airflow”
5/
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-0764_article
Australia, nursing homes CO2 carbon dioxide in some homes over 3 times recommended level, meaning poor ventilation
“If anyone in building is infected, risk of cross-infection may be significant even if PPE protocols followed & surfaces cleaned”
6/ https://theconversation.com/poor-ventilation-may-be-adding-to-nursing-homes-covid-19-risks-144725
Washington, Capitol Building #Covid19 200 national guard &
3 lawmakers infected
“committee room lockdown had all ingredients for #superspread event.. overcrowding, hours indoors, people without masks & low ventilation” 7/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/capitol-riot-coronavirus-lockdown-room-super-spreader/2021/01/12/db00d85c-54f8-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html & https://www.newsweek.com/hundreds-national-guard-members-test-positive-covid-after-protecting-capitol-threats-1563880
Sweden, hospital #COVID19 detected in central ventilation systems, distant from patient areas, indicating it can be transported long distances
“increased infection indoors, as well as #superspread, could be explained by airborne transmission”
8/ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76442-2
South Korea, Call Centre #superspread97 infected in open office
“virus can be exceptionally contagious in crowded offices.. despite considerable interaction between workers in the building #COVID19 spread limited almost exclusively to 11th floor” 9/ https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/8/20-1274_article
South Korea, coffee shop 27-person cluster linked to ceiling mounted air-conditioning in coffee outlet
“4 mask-wearing employees escaped infection... masks may not provide 100% protection, but there’s nothing out there that’s as effective” 10/ https://fortune.com/2020/08/25/covid-outbreak-starbucks-seoul-masks-employees/
France, aircraft carrier (ship) #Covid19 #superspread 668 out of nearly 2,000 sailors infected
“Proximity & contagion make for dangerous shipmates. We have already seen how deadly virus can be in close confines of cruise ships” 11/ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-52308073
New Zealand, quarantine hotel #superspread 29 mariners, 2 health workers
“poor ventilation & double-bunking helped spread Covid... with poor ventilation in corridors, factors all added up to being conducive to inhalation of #Covid19 aerosols” /12 https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/124026191/poor-ventilation-and-doublebunking-led-to-health-workers-contracting-covid19
Ireland, airplane #COVID19 #superspread 13 on flight (59 total)
“4 of flight cases were not seated next to any other positive case, had no contact in the transit lounge, wore face masks in-flight & were not ‘close contacts’ under ECDC definition” 13/ https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.42.2001624
Canada, Seniors Residence #COVID19 #superspread 156 residents & 91 staff infected
“infectious disease experts & an air quality specialist determined the ventilation system was malfunctioning”
/14 http://globalnews.ca/news/6940893/staff-infected-vigi-mont-royal-residence-ventilation/
Global, Conference #COVID19 20,000 may have acquired conference virus
“ #superspread is hallmark of coronavirus. When infected person shows up —inside, with poor ventilation & close contact— virus can infect a lot of people in very little time” /15 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/26/health/covid-19-superspreaders-boston.html
Netherlands, Care Home #suprspread
17 residents & 17 staff, at time of low virus infection in local community
“data suggest that this outbreak is caused by aerosol transmission of #COVID19 in a situation of inadequate ventilation” /16 https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1270/5898577
Israel, school #Covid19 #superspread 153 students, 25 staff & 87 cases among close contacts
‘during extreme heatwave, air-conditioning functioned continuously in all classes’ & a ‘face mask exemption’ /17 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384285/
Vietnam, bar 19 infected
“Crowds in enclosed indoor settings with poor ventilation may be considered at high risk for transmission” /18 https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/1/20-3480_article
China, bus #superspread 1 person infected 23 (of 67) passengers on 100 minute round trip
“prevention & control must consider airborne spread of #COVID19 which is a highly transmissible pathogen in closed environments with air recirculation” 19/ https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2770172
USA, Church #Covid19 #superspread 44 infected
“Unless there is good air circulation & a lot of space between people, indoor spaces tend to be 20 times more dangerous for virus transmission than outdoor ones” /20 https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/02/metro/dozens-covid-19-cases-linked-christmas-eve-gatherings-woburn-church/
Global, Cruise ship #Covid19 #superspread 619 cases (301 symptomatic) some infected during quarantine in cabins
“airborne transmission of #Covid19 through the ship’s ventilation system could explain how the virus spread into cabins” 21/ https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Study-Ship-s-AC-system-likely-spread-COVID-19-15405100.php
Australia, hotel #Covid19 #superspread“poor ventilation, not security breaches, at quarantine hotel.. CCTV review showed a guard outside room of infected traveller. At no time did guard go in & or any of the guests come out” /22 https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-15/ventilation-system-may-have-caused-hotel-quarantine-transmission/12984280
South Korea, apartments #COVID19 #superspread 10 cases
“investigation found no other possible contact between the cases than airborne infection through a single air duct in bathroom” 23/
https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)32558-3/fulltext
Spain, choir #COVID19 #superspread 30 (of 41) infected
“safety measures incl temperature testing, hand washing & social-distancing... but windows closed to shut out the heat & on air-conditioning switched on” 24/ https://www.classicfm.com/music-news/coronavirus/choir-practice-spain-infects-30-of-41-members/
Canada, gym #COVID19 #superspread 61 cases
“heavy breathing during intense exercise is known to increase production of airborne particles, especially if unmasked... airborne transmission would seem likely to be a large factor” /25 https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2020/10/10/spin-classes-lead-to-twenty-one-people-with-the-covid-19-coronavirus-from-one-gym/
USA, workplace #COVID19 #superspread 44 cases, 1 death
“no way to infect 43 people when you’re wearing a costume other than airborne transmission because you’re inside a costume & cannot touch objects or infect through surfaces” /26 https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/03/us/kaiser-san-jose-outbreak-air-powered-costume.html
Australia, restaurant #COVID19 #superspread 37 cases
“Airflow & seating likely factors in cluster.. virus spread via aerosols.. distancing might not be adequate protection in poorly ventilated rooms where people were speaking loudly” 27/ https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/airflow-and-seating-likely-factors-in-thai-restaurant-cluster-20210109-p56sup.html
Japan, hospitals #Covid19 #superspread 224 cases, 184 cases
“as winter sets in, more people stay indoors, raising airborne risks.. airborne transmission of the virus increases when people spend more time in closed-up rooms breathing dry air”
/28 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-japan-hokkaido-idUSKBN28H0D3
Canada, care home80 cases, 3 deaths
“review the ventilation system recommended: increase air flow, improve mechanical ventilation, half open windows, run bathroom fans, add portable filters” 29/ https://beta.ctvnews.ca/local/montreal/2020/12/22/1_5241822.html
Singapore, dorms #Covid19 “half of 323,000 workers infected... commitment to improving standards, new dorms, more space & better ventilation”
Without change toward marginalised communities, countries are unlikely to get pandemic under control” /30 https://www.nst.com.my/world/world/2021/01/660033/migrant-workers-poor-living-conditions-fuel-southeast-asias-covid-19
Germany, bars #Covid19 #superspread 1 person infected 59, & exposed 710 ... just in the time spent in 2 bars
“model case of stupidity” /31 https://metro.co.uk/2020/09/17/woman-faces-ten-years-in-prison-after-going-on-a-bar-crawl-with-coronavirus-13283584/
Canada, care home #COVID19 #superspread In just 16 days: 127 residents (40 died) & 86 staff (1 died) & 42 other household contacts were infected
“first staffer who tested positive was close contact with someone who travelled internationally” /32 https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-health-officials-in-ontario-investigating-whether-second-covid-19-care/
Ireland, Traveller accommodation 60 people tested positive in one week
“crowded... inhumane housing conditions, including not having running water or sanitation facilities"
/33 https://www.corkbeo.ie/news/local-news/crowded-spring-lane-conditions-poor-19686094
USA, student housing #Covid19 #superspread positivity rate of 25% in shared housing (compared to 4% for living on campus).. & as high as 80% in some student houses
“dense sleeping arrangements & common spaces.. not conducive to safety measures” /34 https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/covid19/covid-on-campus-containing-hot-spots-a-difficult-challenge/article_7817a31e-5c33-11eb-8d22-bba372646231.html
China, meat plant #superspread 28 workers, 3 family infected
“meatpacking workers in USA, Brazil & across Europe among the groups hit hardest by #COVID19 last year” /35 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-chicken-idUSKBN29R0SB
France, nightclub 72 infections
“supermarket worker partied at nightspot (that skirted ban by blocking off its dance floor)” /36 https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-lifestyle-travel-international-news-ap-top-news-2f568cdff917294675cb7e1df5ad1f6e
Switzerland, yodel event #COVID19 #superspread “600 attended & coronavirus cases there have more than doubled to 1,238... explosion one of the worst in Europe"
“scientists have suggested singing could spread the virus via airborne droplets” /37 https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-yodellers-reject-blame-for-one-of-europes-worst-covid-outbreaks-12106509
Thailand, workplace/housing #Covid19 #superspread 800 cases
“Because migrant workers live in crowded spaces, if one of them catches the virus, the disease will spread really fast” /38 https://www.thaipbsworld.com/little-myanmar-covid-19-cluster-a-big-lesson-for-thailand/
South Africa, hospital #superspread39 patients (15 deaths), 80 staff
“virus’ spread through 5 wards, to nursing home & dialysis center.. yet no staff infections seem to have taken place in #COVID19 ICU, arguably riskiest area of hospital” /39 https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/05/study-tells-remarkable-story-about-covid-19-s-deadly-rampage-through-south-african
USA, wedding #Covid19 #superspread 177 cases, 7 deaths
27 (of 55) guests & 3 staff infected... onwards to 27 cases (1 death) in community... 38 cases (6 deaths) at a care home ... 18 prison staff & 48 inmates... & 16 other household /40 https://www.forbes.com/sites/victoriaforster/2020/11/12/maine-wedding-gives-half-of-the-guests-coronavirus-outbreak-leads-to-177-covid-19-cases-and-7-deaths/
Malaysia, gathering #superspreadOf 673 #Covid19 infections in Malaysia, almost 2/3 linked to a 4-day meeting
Resulting in onward spread to
Brunei, Singapore, 
Cambodia, Thailand & possibly Vietnam, 
Philippines & 
Indonesia /41 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/18/made-in-malaysia-how-mosque-event-spread-virus-to-se-asia
USA, child care (crèche)12 children acquired #COVID19 & transmitted to at least 12 people outside. One parent hospitalised.
“Transmission from 2 asymptomatic children” /42 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6937e3.htm
USA, sport event #superspread 38 cases.. 446 close contacts... 49 more cases
“1,700 in-person school days lost as a consequence of isolation & quarantine of patients & contacts during this #COVID19 outbreak” /43 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7004e4.htm
Belgium, care home75 cases, including 14 staff
“Santa was not feeling unwell before the visit & did not show any symptoms of virus... he kept his distance from residents & wore a face covering” /44 https://www.wionews.com/world/superspreader-santa-infects-more-than-75-people-with-covid-19-at-care-home-in-belgium-349717
Ireland, meat factories 1,500 cases* linked to 28 factories
“restrictions imposed due to large-scale outbreaks in meat factories are example of what can happen to a town or region due to clusters in high-risk sectors”
*Aug 2020, now 2,232 cases /45 https://www.thejournal.ie/1500-cases-liked-to-meat-plants-5189065-Aug2020/
Norway, bus trip 40 cases including guide & driver
“Almost all passengers infected during 7 days together. Contact tracing resulting in around 100 cases”
“similar mutation in Australia, UK & other European countries” /46
https://www.fhi.no/en/news/2020/new-coronavirus-variant-contributed-to-outbreak-among-coach-trip-passengers/
New Zealand, hotel 3 cases, 212 staff, 192 current & 353 former guests tested
“quick wins by limiting recirculation, increasing air flows & filters.. increasing air dilutes risk of airborne infectious diseases being carried from room to room” 47/ https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/124075955/ventilation-expert-unsurprised-by-covid-infections-linked-to-quarantine
China, event 102 cases
‘30 to 40 people attended, few wearing masks... infected people were gathered in an enclosed space for a long time’ 48/ https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/18/asia/china-covid-superspreader-intl-hnk/index.html
Canada, convent #superspread 46 cases, 9 deaths
“ #COVID19 has been cited in the deaths of dozens of retired or infirm nuns who lived in congregate settings” /49 https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/retired-nuns-michigan-die-covid-19-january-75541880
USA, study group #Covid1935 (of 92) attendees, 3 deaths, 26 in community
“6 foot rule is useful, but it’s possible to be infected at greater distances in static, indoor air or through air-conditioning system that doesn’t have high-grade filters” /50 https://elemental.medium.com/the-science-of-superspreaders-2ceed2b68834
@threader_app unroll please
