What is also important to understand about this chart is that outside of those on the right hand side, only Avalanche has all validators active in "block production" concurrently. All of the others use elected leaders or proposers/nomination. This includes ETH2.0. https://twitter.com/_ErkanOz/status/1349465846985478144

Why? Because Classical Consensus protocols generally require n-squared communication. This means all nodes need to send a message and get a response from all other nodes to come to a united decision on a set of transactions.

Past a certain number of validators (20-100) this requires too many network packets to perform. You end up hitting bandwidth limitations. Using leaders or selected proposers reduces the messaging requirements at the cost of decentralisation and robustness.

How is Avalanche able to avoid this?

Avalanche is a form of Probabilistic Consensus. 10-25 rounds of random sub-sampling take place per "block", each node sampling only a small number per round. This keeps the messaging requirements low, regardless of how many nodes there are.

This low number sampled per round is a constant (fixed integer) between 5-10. This stays the same no matter how many validators there are and finality will always occur in under 2 seconds. The number of validators doesn't change these properties.

This means Avalanche can scale to tens of thousands of nodes, or potentially up to millions. This is meaningful decentralisation vs networks w/ proposers/leaders

It's got the best traits of Classical & Nakamoto:

-Low Latency.
-High Throughput.
-High levels of Decentralisation.

The only real limitation to AVAX is cpu-based, not bandwidth-based. This means the network can be made faster over time as the codebase is optimised and new/faster silicon is released. Improvements in networking globally could also reduce the latency further.

The fragility of protocols based around Classical consensus will show up in many protocols this year and onwards.

There's many reasons Satoshi avoided these techniques for Bitcoin and created something new.

To say I'm bullish on $AVAX is an understatement.

This doesn't even cover custom virtual machines and sub-networks which make the network even more flexible.

$AVAX is shaping up to be a true platform of platforms.

Thank you Team Rocket!