The role of arm action during running tends to be minimised or dismissed entirely, largely based on biomechanical modelling data.

Perhaps we are missing the point. The contribution of upper limbs to lower limb action during flight and stance go beyond what modelling captures 1/5
Coordination of bipedal locomotion (upright walking, running, sprinting) modes still involves all four limbs!

'During bipedal locomotor activities, humans use elements of quadrupedal neuronal limb control'

Link to the full read: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00221-016-4715-4 2/5
Coaching wisdom shared by two of the best track and field coaches I have encountered describes how hip communicates to shoulder, elbow speaks to knee, ankle talks to wrist

(credit to @PfaffSC @fuzzcoaching respectively for those insights)
3/5
This sounds outlandish and easy to dismiss, but there are data to support this 'cross talk'...

...and this synergy through rhythmic action occurs at both proximal and distal joints! 🤯

Source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394016309429 4/5
So perhaps not time to disregard the need to consider coordination of arm and leg action when coaching speed and running mechanics just yet... 5/5
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