In computational systems, we are often interested in unobservable theoretical constructs (eg "creditworthiness", "teacher quality", "risk to society"). Many harms are result of a mismatch between the constructs & their operationalization -- @az_jacobs @hannawallach
A measurement model is "valid" if the theoretical understanding matches the operationalization. There are many ways validity can fail.
Some types of Validity
content: does measurement capture everything we want
convergent: match other measurements
predictive: related to other external properties
hypothesis: theoretically useful
consequential: downstream societal impacts
reliability: noise, precision, stability
"Measurement and Fairness" by @az_jacobs @hannawallach https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.05511 
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