1. Graphics organisers, mapping, semantic organisers (whatever you want to call them) are NOT examples of dual coding. Images aren't necessary for their use or creation. They also aren't a stand-alone strategy. They are a servant and best paired with other strategies.

2. We use retrieval practice to strengthen the connection between our WM and LTM, cold call helps us to check for understanding, and pair share is useful to help students rehearse their answers before sharing them. GO can be paired with these strategies to enhance them.

3. I suspect giving students a completed GO, containing unfamiliar information, would be similar to expecting a novice to learn through discovery-learning strategies. Most teachers I speak to about GOs, consider CLT, the learning propensities of their students and their students

4. prior experiences of using GOs to decide how much scaffolding and modelling is required.