Lost in our discussion @ a new SECDEF: It is a terribly difficult job. While all receive a medal and a parade, few are very successful. The 2 generals w waivers, Marshall and Mattis, were not. The 2 best civilian managers, McNamara and Rumsfeld were not. Most hope for one

Or two lasting accomplishments. In my decades in and around the pentagon, two were let go for ineffectiveness. Most get by force of will, lotsa hours. For my money, Laird, Cheney, Perry, and Gates did well. They all knew the entire govt well and played well w others in cabinet.

Two had no mil experience and two had short svc in uniform. All had vast experience in the govt at high levels before they became Secdef. Quality of president and strategic context were key for all. Secy-designate Austin will face interesting times.