When I intervened on behalf of @beuc on this issue, in the morning, I mentioned that there might indeed be several payment solutions available for consumers, but in real life, consumers has no perception of choice. The solution : 1) merchants need to display the range of https://twitter.com/lewis_crofts/status/1335936528644714497

instruments,they accept, as well as the brands & 2) consumers in full control of the instrument they prefer, with no overruling possible. Other solutions for more active competition : 1) offer rebates to consumers for opting for a given payment instrument 2) roll out

direct debit at POS like in DE (lowest IF in EU, according to Commission report. Oh, and yes, if you want true competition between cards and instant payments, don't entrust EPI with IP schemes. this would kill competition in favour of cards

&on Apple pay case ? : it's like if Renault would tell that you can only take petrol at Total stations (only supplier that would accept to pay Renault a fee). Nonsense? that is the fate of i-phone owners : deprived of payment services that don't accept the exorbitant Apple fees..