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My paper with @agnevitali on #femalebreadwinners is out now in @JournalESP 
Our study shows that households where the woman is the sole earner have significantly lower incomes than their male-breadwinner counterparts https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0958928720971094
Our study shows that households where the woman is the sole earner have significantly lower incomes than their male-breadwinner counterparts https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0958928720971094
We find âpureâ female-breadwinner couples - in which the woman is the ONLY wage-earner - are economically disadvantaged compared with ALL other couple-types, including male breadwinners.
Pure female breadwinners earn less than pure male breadwinners, even when they work the same hours and in the same occupation (and after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics).
The female-breadwinner penalty is likely linked to the #genderpaygap. It might also be because women are more likely âemergencyâ breadwinners, who become the sole wage-earner because the man lost his job, rather than by choice.
Although pure FBWs get more 
in benefits, this usually isnât enough to compensate for their lower earnings. So, families risk being financially penalised when women are the only wage-earners, thereby undermining their economic resiliency and reinforcing male-breadwinning norms.
in benefits, this usually isnât enough to compensate for their lower earnings. So, families risk being financially penalised when women are the only wage-earners, thereby undermining their economic resiliency and reinforcing male-breadwinning norms.
Even female breadwinners with a working partner (1.5 FBWs - who are usually of a higher socioeconomic status than pure FBWs - earn less than their male equivalents, despite having higher levels of education.
Female breadwinnersâ economic disadvantages need special attention given additional employment, financial and health strains on families during the pandemic.
