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The Background
1860s: nucleic acids discovered
1940-50s: the concept that “DNA makes RNA makes protein” is developed (& is called the central dogma)
1960s: messenger RNA discovered
1/n
1860s: nucleic acids discovered
1940-50s: the concept that “DNA makes RNA makes protein” is developed (& is called the central dogma)
1960s: messenger RNA discovered
1/n
Path to the vaccine
1989: use of lipid nanoparticles to get mRNA into cells
1990: RNA injected into muscle can cause local synthesis of a protein
1994-9: RNA vaccines shown to induce immune response
2008-11: early phase trials
2/n
1989: use of lipid nanoparticles to get mRNA into cells
1990: RNA injected into muscle can cause local synthesis of a protein
1994-9: RNA vaccines shown to induce immune response
2008-11: early phase trials
2/n
2003-2012: studies to generate a vaccine against 2 new severe coronavirus diseases SARS and MERS identify the spike protein as a good target for protective antibodies
3/n
3/n
2020 Jan: US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) working with Moderna about to make another RNA vaccine for a trial against Nipah virus
2020 11th Jan: draft genome of SARS-CoV-2 sequence shared — NIAID redirect to this virus
4/n
2020 11th Jan: draft genome of SARS-CoV-2 sequence shared — NIAID redirect to this virus
4/n
2020 latter half: papers showing the virus is effective in generating protective antibodies & cell mediated responses without any vaccine-induced worsening of subsequent infection
2020 latter half: human trials successful
5/n
2020 latter half: human trials successful
5/n
