SPRINGS are impressions of the geologic past, profoundly affecting the present, by providing surface water.

But do you know the different types of springs? Here's a typology by Spring Stewardship Institute:

1. Rheocrene: Groundwater supported streams. Abundant flowing water.

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SPRINGS are impressions of the geologic past, profoundly affecting the present, by providing surface water.But do you know the different types of springs? Here's a typology by Spring Stewardship Institute:1. Rheocrene: Groundwater supported streams. Abundant flowing water.+
SPRINGS are impressions of the geologic past, profoundly affecting the present, by providing surface water.But do you know the different types of springs? Here's a typology by Spring Stewardship Institute:1. Rheocrene: Groundwater supported streams. Abundant flowing water.+
SPRINGS are impressions of the geologic past, profoundly affecting the present, by providing surface water.But do you know the different types of springs? Here's a typology by Spring Stewardship Institute:1. Rheocrene: Groundwater supported streams. Abundant flowing water.+
2. Limnocrene: Groundwater supported lakes.

In all figures note the interaction of recharge-supported aquifers coming up against impermeable layers resulting in springs.

Legend for all: A = Aquifer, I = Impermeable layer, S = Spring
Photo: Grassi Lake, Alberta, Canada

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2. Limnocrene: Groundwater supported lakes. In all figures note the interaction of recharge-supported aquifers coming up against impermeable layers resulting in springs.Legend for all: A = Aquifer, I = Impermeable layer, S = SpringPhoto: Grassi Lake, Alberta, Canada+
2. Limnocrene: Groundwater supported lakes. In all figures note the interaction of recharge-supported aquifers coming up against impermeable layers resulting in springs.Legend for all: A = Aquifer, I = Impermeable layer, S = SpringPhoto: Grassi Lake, Alberta, Canada+
2. Limnocrene: Groundwater supported lakes. In all figures note the interaction of recharge-supported aquifers coming up against impermeable layers resulting in springs.Legend for all: A = Aquifer, I = Impermeable layer, S = SpringPhoto: Grassi Lake, Alberta, Canada+
3. Helocrene: Groundwater supported Wetlands. Slow seeping discharge.

Unlike the clear deep lakes formed by Limnocrene, these are shallow and chemically loaded.

This classification system has a long history culminating in Springer and Stevens (2009)

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3. Helocrene: Groundwater supported Wetlands. Slow seeping discharge.Unlike the clear deep lakes formed by Limnocrene, these are shallow and chemically loaded.This classification system has a long history culminating in Springer and Stevens (2009)+
3. Helocrene: Groundwater supported Wetlands. Slow seeping discharge.Unlike the clear deep lakes formed by Limnocrene, these are shallow and chemically loaded.This classification system has a long history culminating in Springer and Stevens (2009)+
4. Hanging Garden: Groundwater supported seeps along cliff walls.

These are often supported by perched aquifers (not the regional water table).

All Indian pictures from ACWADAM-IHCAP Springs report. (Here: Unnamed spring from Sikkim)

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4. Hanging Garden: Groundwater supported seeps along cliff walls.These are often supported by perched aquifers (not the regional water table). All Indian pictures from ACWADAM-IHCAP Springs report. (Here: Unnamed spring from Sikkim) +
4. Hanging Garden: Groundwater supported seeps along cliff walls.These are often supported by perched aquifers (not the regional water table). All Indian pictures from ACWADAM-IHCAP Springs report. (Here: Unnamed spring from Sikkim) +
4. Hanging Garden: Groundwater supported seeps along cliff walls.These are often supported by perched aquifers (not the regional water table). All Indian pictures from ACWADAM-IHCAP Springs report. (Here: Unnamed spring from Sikkim) +
5. Caves: Emergence of water within a cave environment.

Lots of speciation due to geographic isolation. Cave springs are the archetype, but other spring types are also great microhabitats. Spring management can stem the ongoing mass extinction.

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6. Fountain: Cool water outburst, under pressure from confined aquifer.
Picture: Crystal "Geyser", Utah

7. Geyser: Hot geothermal steamy outburst. Rarely is the heated mantle so close to the surface. Only ~400 outside Yellowstone National Park (which alone has 600!).

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6. Fountain: Cool water outburst, under pressure from confined aquifer.Picture: Crystal "Geyser", Utah7. Geyser: Hot geothermal steamy outburst. Rarely is the heated mantle so close to the surface. Only ~400 outside Yellowstone National Park (which alone has 600!).+
6. Fountain: Cool water outburst, under pressure from confined aquifer.Picture: Crystal "Geyser", Utah7. Geyser: Hot geothermal steamy outburst. Rarely is the heated mantle so close to the surface. Only ~400 outside Yellowstone National Park (which alone has 600!).+
6. Fountain: Cool water outburst, under pressure from confined aquifer.Picture: Crystal "Geyser", Utah7. Geyser: Hot geothermal steamy outburst. Rarely is the heated mantle so close to the surface. Only ~400 outside Yellowstone National Park (which alone has 600!).+
6. Fountain: Cool water outburst, under pressure from confined aquifer.Picture: Crystal "Geyser", Utah7. Geyser: Hot geothermal steamy outburst. Rarely is the heated mantle so close to the surface. Only ~400 outside Yellowstone National Park (which alone has 600!).+
Other typologies, if you are still interested:
8. Exposure: Sinkholes with unconfined aquifer exposed

9. Gushet: A stream flowing out of a cliff wall of a perched, unconfined aquifer

10. Hypocrene: Very Low discharge where flow does not reach the surface, supports vegetation

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Other typologies, if you are still interested:8. Exposure: Sinkholes with unconfined aquifer exposed9. Gushet: A stream flowing out of a cliff wall of a perched, unconfined aquifer10. Hypocrene: Very Low discharge where flow does not reach the surface, supports vegetation+
Other typologies, if you are still interested:8. Exposure: Sinkholes with unconfined aquifer exposed9. Gushet: A stream flowing out of a cliff wall of a perched, unconfined aquifer10. Hypocrene: Very Low discharge where flow does not reach the surface, supports vegetation+
Other typologies, if you are still interested:8. Exposure: Sinkholes with unconfined aquifer exposed9. Gushet: A stream flowing out of a cliff wall of a perched, unconfined aquifer10. Hypocrene: Very Low discharge where flow does not reach the surface, supports vegetation+
11. Hillslope: Emerges from confined or unconfined aquifers on a hillslope (30-60 degree slope); often indistinct or multiple sources.

12. Mound: Emerges from a mineralized, ice, or organic mound, sometimes magmatic or fault systems.
11. Hillslope: Emerges from confined or unconfined aquifers on a hillslope (30-60 degree slope); often indistinct or multiple sources.12. Mound: Emerges from a mineralized, ice, or organic mound, sometimes magmatic or fault systems.
11. Hillslope: Emerges from confined or unconfined aquifers on a hillslope (30-60 degree slope); often indistinct or multiple sources.12. Mound: Emerges from a mineralized, ice, or organic mound, sometimes magmatic or fault systems.
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