Right, so if I have read him correctly, the crux of Professor Ovamir's conclusion is the future Caliphate should not be a centralized Super State. Rather Muslims should look to take inspiration from the American model. https://twitter.com/tazkiyahthought/status/1333483700944826370

To be honest with I am inclined to agree. I do not like the monarchist models of the yore and frankly speaking neither did the scholars. They settled for the least worst possible model that was available and made the best of it.

While Federalism has its issues—

as seen in Pakistan, with the appropriate mechanisms of accountability and a robust legal system(s), we could potentially build a federation of States that can act as a cohesive body.

Of course I am getting ahead of myself as there are a lot of issues we need to sort out.

Namely syndicates of businessmen who in reality are just Mafias(like the noblemen of the past.

No state, Islamic or otherwise, can function properly without finding a way to handle the various factions with competing interests.

The standard model to deal with these compete ting factions was to have a centralized personal army to protect the Sultan's power. But eventually those armies became rife with factionalism themselves.

In modern contexts, the army should have as little say as possible—

in Civilian affairs. Involving them in handling the Mafias means essentially turning the state into a military state.

So these are scenarios and contingencies that Fuqaha and leaders of Islamic groups should give consideration to and find the best possible models to handle it.