1. This History Thread (with Zoology) is about #Wildlife in Burma (Myanmar.) Interactions of humans & wildlife: including ways that non-domesticated mammals, reptiles & birds have been and are commodified by trafficking and endangered by habitat loss. #tiger #elephant #pangolin
2. The independent peoples whose lands would be conquered by kingdoms and/or colonized to become known as Burma possessed enormous expertise about nature and a variety of belief systems which often showed reverence for wild animals as well as well-founded fears about them.
3. Hunting traditionally provided food + utilitarian & ritual items. Wild animal products including tusks, horns, skins, feathers were traded among lands that would become Burma and exported as luxury goods to China, India & beyond from maritime kingdoms like Arakan and Pegu.
4. Since medieval times wild elephants have been captured in Burma for moving heavy loads, transportation & warfare. They're not really domesticated (not selectively bred.) Elephants served in WW2 Burma & Kachin Independence Army elephants still carry military supplies in north.
5. British colonists saw Burma wildlife as “machinery” (logging elephants) & recreation (relentless tiger hunting: 1,382 killed 1928-32.) Orwell story used "Shooting an Elephant" as imperialism trauma metaphor. Fascinating “beasts/Burma/British” blog: https://colonizinganimals.blog/ 
7. Myanmar has had weak enviro laws/enforcement. Efforts to protect wildlife involve NGOs, INGOs, Ethnic Armed Organizations, individuals. Wildlife preserves/parks often controversial due to collaboration with military, “only on paper” status, displacement of #Indigenous people.
9. Tigers now down to just est. 50-100 (2 species) in Myanmar. Critically endangered by China medicinal trade, prey decline, habitat loss: logging, mining, plantations. Much hyped Hukawng Valley “tiger reserve” has no tigers. Last 2 habitats “fragmented.” https://www.mmtimes.com/news/tiger-conservation-faces-challenges-myanmar.html
12. Myanmar primates incl. Phayre's leaf monkey (endangered), endangered langurs, endangered hoolock gibbons, vulnerable & common macaques, endangered Bengal slow loris. Myanmar snub-nosed monkey critically endangered, probably also newly ID’d Popa langur. http://www.rainforesttrust.org/new-national-park-protects-critically-endangered-monkey-in-myanmar/
14. A few Sumatran rhinoceros in Myanmar til 1990s. Likely extinct or nonviable in country now. Large forest-dwelling ungulates gaur, banteng, Malay tapir populations unknown Myanmar; gaur & tapir photos 2017-20. Conservation Alliance of Tanawthari report: https://www.accountabilitycounsel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/5-22-20-landscape-of-life.pdf
16. Bamboo flowering causes rat population surge every 48 years: Mautam famine (2006-08 last one.) Recent years unrelated rat surge in Karen State. Myanmar has many bat species. Novel coronaviruses found in some, but bats are beneficial & need protection.
19. Myanmar scientists, NGOs work on wildlife issues but enviro defenders often in danger. Govt & INGOs must consult, respect local people. Indigenous people seek to protect wildlife from logging, mining, plantations. @KESAN_KAREN video Salween Peace Park:
21/21. Sources incl. @Jonathan_Saha blog, @VickiCroke 2014, @JacobAShell 2019. Thanks @Kevin_M_Woods & Faith Doherty! @ICCAConsortium supports Indigenous & Community Conserved Area efforts in Myanmar. Links to my previous Burma History Threads & reports at http://www.projectmaje.org 
You can follow @EdithMirante.
Tip: mention @twtextapp on a Twitter thread with the keyword “unroll” to get a link to it.

Latest Threads Unrolled:

By continuing to use the site, you are consenting to the use of cookies as explained in our Cookie Policy to improve your experience.