Like for one moral philosophical concept/ism.

Hedonism, from the Greek, hedone, is the idea that the goal of life should be attaining pleasure and avoiding pain. That should be the point of our existence. Only pleasure is good and only pain is bad. Different ideas as to what pleasure and pain constitute.

Moral non-cognitivism is the idea that there is no such thing as "moral knowledge". Really, everything be vibes.

For there to be knowledge, there needs to be a "reality" or real state of affairs. But for SOME non-cognitivists, morality is not even "real".

Thrasymachian ethics, from the character Thrasymachus in Plato's Republic.

Thrasymachian ethics is the idea that the desire of the strongest WILL PREVAIL and we can't do shit about it. That is the way of nature.

Strongest in terms of who is advantaged in any given scenario.

Philosopher Immanuel Kant believed that within all of us, there is such a thing called "the goodwill". It is a natural tendency to answer to duty and to think about propriety.

The goodwill is good for its own sake. That is what drives us to pursue justice, kindness etc.

Aristotle believed that being a good person is similar to being skilled at a particular activity. You are a good person if you work at being a good person.

you are a good footballer if you keep excelling at football. If you stop, you are not. Goodness is an ACTIVITY not a TITLE

Situation ethics is an idea that moral actions can only be judged context by context and not from an absolutist standpoint

A situation ethicist will tell you abortion in itself isn't bad. The context and conditions within which it was performed that gives it a bad or a good vibe

"Is good loved by God because it is good? Or is it because God loved the good that gave it its goodness?"

The question above is called the Euthyphro dilemma. It is a question that seeks to challenge the idea that we can't know what is good if there is no God.

Lifeboat ethics is the idea that in situations where it seems there is very little to go around, those who have, are not obliged to share with those who don't.

The lifeboat here is supposed to capture the idea of us shipwrecked when everyone is struggling to get on a lifeboat.

The philosopher John Rawls believed that the only way we can have a perfectly fair society is if we ask people to design a society from scratch without knowing how they will end up in that society.

When people have no idea what their lot will be, they tend to design fair systems

The Banality of Evil.

Philosopher Hannah Arendt theorized that evil or doing what is bad is not INHUMAN. Evil is as human as goodness. It was possible for well-adjusted individuals to do what is bad without they themselves being bad people.

Evil is banal. Ebi them things some.

Altruism comes from the Later "alter", meaning "other". Altruism is the idea that one can and must perform actions solely for benefit of others and not one's self.

Altruism is what they mean by selflessness.

Ancient Greeks believed that one can enter into a state of Eudaimonia if one is morally upright. Eu (good) daimon (spirit) daimonia (spiritedness).

Eudaimonia is a state of feeling blessed/possessed by the spirits that have come to make sure things go on well for you.

Ethical teleologism is the idea that we can only measure the worth of an ethical action from the results it produces. If it produces desirable results, it is good. If it doesn't, yaamutu.

Moral absolutism is the idea that actions are intrinsically right or wrong without any external justifications. So something like "kindness" is good and that's it. "Killing" is bad and that's it. Contexts and conditions don't matter.

If I took a machete from you at 6 am and promised to return it by 12 pm but when I came at 12pm, you had gone crazy, should I return the machete as PROMISED?

Philosophers have debated for 100s of years, under what circumstances people are not supposed to keep their promise.

Moral constructivism is the principle that we can justify a moral principle if it stems from a socially-constructed phenomenon we have come to find useful.

For instance, people can justify capitalism if they find it in a democracy rather than in China. Do you get it?

Communalism, not to be confused with communism, is the idea that the community is morally superior to the individual. An individual's ambitions and goals should never threaten this superiority of the community.

Utilitarianism or utilitarian ethics is the idea that what is right is what is desired by the majority of people at any given time. Utilitarianism is basically the maths of democracy.

The Trolley Problem

Would you kill one person to save five if all six people are perfect strangers to you? The question was asked over 50 years ago in academic philosophy and we are still struggling to answer.