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The Black Hole Information Paradox Comes to an End - Quanta Magazine https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-black-hole-information-paradox-comes-to-an-end-20201029/
Physics is ruled by determinism: we can use the laws of physics to predict the future behavior of a system. That's kind of the entire point of physics. https://www.space.com/black-hole-information-paradox-mystery.html
量子力学认为，信息 (粒子的所有特征) 不能被永久消灭，但如果进入黑洞后无法逃脱，实际上等于被消灭了，有违量子物理学定律。而霍金认为，传统黑洞研究只考虑广义相对论，如“叠加”上量子力学，则会发现，在空间的任一地方，都会存在粒子和反粒子对，它们会在瞬间产生和湮灭。
http://www.xinhuanet.com/science/2019-04/14/c_137975902.htm
http://www.xinhuanet.com/science/2019-04/14/c_137975902.htm
Matter is made up of atoms, the basic units of chemical elements such as hydrogen, helium or oxygen.
The universe of an atom is complex, full of exotic particles with properties of spin and "flavor" that physicists are only just beginning to understand. https://www.livescience.com/32387-what-is-antimatter.html
The universe of an atom is complex, full of exotic particles with properties of spin and "flavor" that physicists are only just beginning to understand. https://www.livescience.com/32387-what-is-antimatter.html
In the heart of an atom are protons (which have a positive electrical charge) and neutrons (which have a neutral charge).
Electrons, which generally have a negative charge, occupy orbits around the nucleus.
In the case of antimatter, the electrical charge is reversed.
Electrons, which generally have a negative charge, occupy orbits around the nucleus.
In the case of antimatter, the electrical charge is reversed.
Antimatter particles are created in ultra high-speed collisions. In the first moments after the Big Bang, only energy existed.
As the universe cooled and expanded, particles of both matter and antimatter were produced in equal amounts.
As the universe cooled and expanded, particles of both matter and antimatter were produced in equal amounts.
But today, everything we see from the smallest life forms on Earth to the largest stellar objects is made almost entirely of matter.
Comparatively, there is not much antimatter to be found. Something must have happened to tip the balance.
https://home.cern/science/physics/matter-antimatter-asymmetry-problem
Comparatively, there is not much antimatter to be found. Something must have happened to tip the balance.
https://home.cern/science/physics/matter-antimatter-asymmetry-problem
In the past few decades, particle-physics experiments have shown that the laws of nature do not apply equally to matter and antimatter.
Physicists are keen to discover the reasons why.
Physicists are keen to discover the reasons why.
Antimatter was first postulated by Arthur Schuster in 1896, given a theoretical footing by Paul Dirac in 1928, and discovered in the form of anti-electrons, dubbed positrons, by Carl Anderson in 1932. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-is-there-more-matter-than-antimatter/
Protons and neutrons are made of elementary particles called quarks, and a long-standing question has been whether systems of quarks can undergo a reaction similar to nuclear fusion.
https://www.nature.com/articles/551040a
https://www.nature.com/articles/551040a
When two quarks are sufficiently close together, they exchange massless particles called gluons.
These interactions, known as strong interactions, bind the quarks together.
These interactions, known as strong interactions, bind the quarks together.
Quarks come in six types, whimsically called flavours: up, down, strange, charm, beauty (also known as bottom) and top.
Each quark also has an antimatter partner, known as an antiquark.
Each quark also has an antimatter partner, known as an antiquark.
Finding the cause of the imbalance means finding a brand new bit of physics — like a new particle or force — and it's one of the more exciting and challenging jobs in particle physics right now. https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-06-23/antimatter-explainer/7487354
Thus far, study of the cosmic microwave background suggests that the difference in amounts of matter versus antimatter likely did not happen during the birth of the universe, but slightly after. https://phys.org/news/2019-09-theorists-higgs-troika-responsible-antimatter.html
Back in the 1990s, physicists showed they could convert light into matter by colliding two extremely powerful beams of radiation.
They also found that light produces equal amounts of antimatter at the same time. https://www.wired.com/2017/04/hunt-universes-missing-antimatter/
They also found that light produces equal amounts of antimatter at the same time. https://www.wired.com/2017/04/hunt-universes-missing-antimatter/
Light–matter interactions are fundamentally quantum electrodynamical, and in many cases, are described as quantum transitions by electrons, accompanied by the emission, absorption or scattering of quanta of the electromagnetic field in vacuum (photons).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-020-0224-2#:~:text=Light%E2%80%93matter%20interactions%20are%20fundamentally,field%20in%20vacuum%20(photons).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-020-0224-2#:~:text=Light%E2%80%93matter%20interactions%20are%20fundamentally,field%20in%20vacuum%20(photons).
Imagine a shaft of yellow sunlight beaming through a window.
According to quantum physics that beam is made of zillions of tiny packets of light, called photons, streaming through the air. https://www.zmescience.com/science/what-is-photon-definition-04322/
According to quantum physics that beam is made of zillions of tiny packets of light, called photons, streaming through the air. https://www.zmescience.com/science/what-is-photon-definition-04322/
Photons are always in motion and, in a vacuum, travel at a constant speed to all observers of 2.998 x 108 m/s.
This is commonly referred to as the speed of light, denoted by the letter c.
This is commonly referred to as the speed of light, denoted by the letter c.
Einstein speculated that when electrons within matter collide with photons, the former takes the latter’s energy and flies out and that the higher the oscillation frequency of the photons that strike, the greater the electron energy that will come flying out.
The word laser is actually an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
This term is a concise way of saying that lasers control how atoms release photons.
https://thetartan.org/2014/4/7/scitech/howthingswork
This term is a concise way of saying that lasers control how atoms release photons.
https://thetartan.org/2014/4/7/scitech/howthingswork
The Higgs boson is one of two types of fundamental particles, and it’s a particular game-changer in the field of particle physics, proving how particles gain mass. https://home.cern/news/news/physics/basics-boson
Nature’s patterns sometimes reflect two intertwined features: fundamental physical laws and environmental influences.
It’s nature’s version of nature versus nurture. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-the-higgs-boson-was-found-4723520/
It’s nature’s version of nature versus nurture. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-the-higgs-boson-was-found-4723520/
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a marvel of modern particle physics that has enabled researchers to plumb the depths of reality. Its origins stretch all the way back to 1977. https://www.livescience.com/64623-large-hadron-collider.html
A lot of physicists are understandably concerned that the LHC hasn’t yet turned up evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/04/11/five-years-after-the-higgs-what-else-has-the-lhc-found/
撞机的原理是通过产生高能量的粒子，对另一个粒子进行轰击，轰击可能产生出新的粒子，也可能会造成两者的相互作用，相互作用后的次级粒子会和探测器物质发生反应。这样人们就可以了解作用后的粒子状态，再将它与之前的粒子状态进行比较，就可以倒推出新粒子的性质。 https://tech.sina.com.cn/d/i/2019-12-09/doc-iihnzhfz4694476.shtml
早在1970年代，杨振宁就反对中国建大型加速器。尽管同为诺奖得主的李政道也对此事不热衷，但他却建议，可以改建一台较小的正负电子对撞机。1980年，李政道牵头拟就了一封联名信，呼吁中国政府继续支持建设高能加速器。杨振宁则公开反对建大型加速器。后来BEPC的建成，与李政道的积极推动密不可分。
1984年10月7日，邓小平手持铁锹，为BEPC工程奠基铲下第一锹土。中国要用4年多时间建成BEPC的消息传遍全球，因为当时连加速器都没做过。1988年10月24日，邓小平在建成典礼上说：“过去也好，今天也好，未来也好，中国必须发展自己的高科技，在世界高科技领域占有一席之地。”
http://www.ihep.ac.cn/xwdt/cmsm/2018/201810/t20181023_5147849.html
http://www.ihep.ac.cn/xwdt/cmsm/2018/201810/t20181023_5147849.html
能所，如今正瞄准新的世界物理前沿热点——希格斯粒子研究，并规划建设中国的新一代对撞机——环形正负电子对撞机（CEPC），概念设计已经完成，并获国际评审认可，经费基本到位，已经全面展开预研工作，而且项目成立了产业促进会，推动产业界合作共赢，有望打破超导高频腔、速调管等关键技术的国际封锁。
