Currently reading a Shanghai party committee paper about German industrial practice.

It's highlighting to me how the famous Mittelstand firms function as working groups. You can only achieve this with a big focus on apprenticeship.

Link: https://bit.ly/3hKf0i1 
Some features:

- Training schools have strong intersection with/guidance from industry.
- Engineering professors must have at least 5 years of private sector experience.
- Research is done by public institutions and private enterprise. There's no "publish or perish" for profs.
Loved this anecdote: "teaching materials are always outdated knowledge."

Higher emphasis is placed on learning the basics and the cutting edge material from practitioners. Also, scientific research is seen as successful only once it solves the industrial problem driving it.
Universities, public research bodies, and industrial voluntary associations carry out research and coordination which is beyond the ability of individual small-to-medium firms.

Germany carries out a lot of indirect supports to industry, like tax-free research institutions.
The paper notes various feedback mechanisms: not only multi-party democracy, but also local associations and industrial unions.

The author notes that private land ownership was an obstacle to projects like Munich's maglev train, a project which was cancelled due to cost.
Summary:

- Small-to-medium firms function act as communities of practice, training, and experimentation
- Public and voluntary institutions solve scale problems
- Research must solve problems
- Active apprenticeship > "learning materials"
- Tight integration means results spread
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