Setbacks on the Eastern Front in 1914 led to popular anti-German & anti-Jewish animus. Hundreds of thousands of men, women, & children (including peaceful Mennonites) were forcibly deported to the east from their homes in Volhynia, Poland, & Latvia. Many died.
Hapsburgs were fairly philo-Semitic, though their subjects varied in their opinions. After Cossacks occupied Bukovina in early months of the war, some locals (Romanians?) helped the Jews, while others (Ukranians?) helped the Russians.
The brutality of the Eastern Front in WWII wasn’t unique - it was a continuation of the struggles of at least the previous war. The Polish-Ukrainian conflict in particular was 599 years old, & had flared up every few decades until its resolution in 1943. https://twitter.com/peter_nimitz/status/1150998475477118976?s=21 https://twitter.com/Peter_Nimitz/status/1150998475477118976
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