A long thread on famous Muslim Mathematicians, Scientists, Philosophers, Chemists, Physicists, Biologists,etc.. & their contributions to the evolution of Mankind
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
Al-Khwarizmi:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Father of Algorithms
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
First systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Introduced the methods of "reduction" & "balancing" in algebra
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Made important contributions to trigonometry, producing accurate sine, cosine tables and first table of tangent
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
AL-ZAHRAWI:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Known as the Father of Surgery
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
First physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Described a fatal affliction, abdominal pregnancy
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
First to discover the root cause of paralysis
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Developed surgical devices which are used in modern hospitals
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
IBN FIRNAS:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The man who gave the idea of the modern day Wingsuit
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Designed water clock
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Devised a means of manufacturing colorless glass
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Invented various glass planispheres
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Made corrective lenses
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Constructed a device which indicated the motion of the planets & stars
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
ABU RAYHAN AL-BIRUNI :
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The founder of Indology
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Father of comparative religion
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Father of modern geodesy
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
First Anthropologist
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The person who first subdivided the hour sexagesimally into minutes, seconds, thirds and fourths in 1000 while discussing Jewish months
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
IBN-SINA(AVICENNA):
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The father of early modern medicine
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Most influential philosopher of the pre-modern era
![Rautenform mit Punkt im Inneren 💠](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f4a0.png)
His famous works :
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The Book of Healing, a philosophical & scientific encyclopedia
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The Canon of Medicine, an encyclopaedia used as a standard text until 1850's
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
IBN-RUSHD(AVERROES):
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
According to French author Averroes wrote at least 67 original works, including 28 works on philosophy, 20 on medicine, 8 on law, 5 on theology, and 4 on grammar
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
IBN-NAFIS :
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Discovered Pulmonary Circulation, Coronary Circulation, Capillary Circulation, Pulsation,
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
One of the first to give the anatomy of Lungs
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
proved that the brain, rather than the heart, was the organ responsible for thinking and sensation.
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
IBN-KHALDUN:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Father of the modern disciplines of historiography,sociology, economics & demography
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Studied the origin & causes of poverty
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Looked at factors contributing to wealth such as consumption, government & investment(present day GDP)
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Gave Supply and demand theory
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
JABIR IBN HAYYAN:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
father of Arab chemistry and one of the founders of modern pharmacy.
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Gave the seeds of the modern classification of elements into metals & non-metals.
Some of his Works includes......
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![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Jabirian Corpus:
The scope of the corpus is vast: cosmology, music, medicine, magic, biology, chemical technology, geometry, grammar, metaphysics, logic, artificial generation of living beings, along with astrological predictions, and symbolic Imâmî myths.
...
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
He is credited with the use of over twenty types of now-basic chemical laboratory equipment, such as the alembic, retort etc..., and with the description of many now-commonplace chemical processes
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Known to have discovered HCL
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Gave sulphur-Mercury theory
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![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Gave the descriptions of crystallisation, various forms of distillation & substances such as citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, As, Sb & Bi, S & Hg. mineral acids such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid and aqua regia have been in the Jabirian corpus.
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
IBN AL-HAYTHAM(AlHAZEN) :
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The father of modern optics
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
First to demonstrate that vision occurs in the brain, rather than in the eyes & that vision occurs when light reflects from an object and then passes to one's eyes
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
One of the first to explain the concept of retina....
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![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Alhazen's work also contained the first clear description, outside of China, of camera obscura(pinhole projection) in the areas of the Middle East, Europe, Africa and India & early analysis of the device. This concept of camera obscura is still used in modern day
![Kamera 📷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f4f7.png)
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![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
after the formulas for the sums of squares & cubes had been stated, he derived the formulas for the sum of 4th powers.
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The Kitab al-Manazir describes several experimental observations & how Alhazen used them to explain certain optical phenomena using mechanical analogies
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![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Alhazen wrote a total of 25 astronomical works
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Alhazen gave the law of cotangents
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
gave Ruffini-Horner Algorithm
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Alhazen's problem: A theorem solved only in 1997 by Neumann
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Invented Magnifying glass and convex lens
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
developed the method of proof by contradiction
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![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Alhazen gave a simple form of Cauchy-Riemann Integral
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Experimental scientific methods were Expounded & practised by Alhazen
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The optic chiasm was earlier theorized by Alhazen in the early 11th century
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The theorems of Alhazen were one the first theorems on hyperbolics
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
ISMAIL AL-JAZARI:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
al-Jazari inventions:
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
crankshaft (basic component of modern day vehicles)
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
Camshaft( used in internal combustion engines)
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
Escapement mechanism in a rotating wheel (modern day brake system)
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
first known crank-slider mechanism(used in water pumps)...
...
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
Weight driven water clocks and candle clocks
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
musical robot band
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
earliest known automatic gates (driven by hydropower)
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
water wheels with cams
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
humanoid automata a waitress that could serve water, tea & drinks
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
automated moving peacocks (driven by hydropower )
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
AL-KINDI:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
One of the fathers of cryptography
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their medication
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
introduced several new methods of breaking ciphers, notably frequency analysis
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Unambiguously described the distillation of wine
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
Banu Musa:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The Book of Ingenious Devices describes 100 inventions such as :
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
![Weißes kleines Quadrat ▫️](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/25ab.png)
Conical valve
![Weißes kleines Quadrat ▫️](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/25ab.png)
control valve
![Weißes kleines Quadrat ▫️](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/25ab.png)
Double-seat valve
![Weißes kleines Quadrat ▫️](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/25ab.png)
Throttling valve
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
Music sequencer and mechanical musical instrument
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
Programmable machine and automatic flute player
![Nach unten zeigendes rotes Dreieck 🔻](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f53b.png)
Sine quadrant
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
IBN-SAHL:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Snell's law was first accurately described by the Persian scientist Ibn Sahl at the Baghdad court in 984. In the manuscript On Burning Mirrors and Lenses, ibn Sahl used the law to derive lens shapes that focus light with no geometric aberrations.
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
AL-KARAJI:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The first to realise that the sequence x, x^2,..& reciprocals 1/x, 1/x^2, 1/x^3,..could also be extended infinitely
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
Gave the rules for arithmetic operations for adding, subtracting & multiplying polynomials
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
First to introduce the theory of algebraic calculus
![Große blaue Raute 🔷](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f537.png)
AL-RAZI:
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
The first to produce acids such as sulfuric acid
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
wrote extensive notes on diseases such as smallpox& chickenpox
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
author of the first book on pediatrics
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
making leading contributions in inorganic & organic chemistry
![Kleine orangene Raute 🔸](https://abs.twimg.com/emoji/v2/72x72/1f538.png)
author of several philosophical works
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