[THREAD]

Assalamu Alaykum, sister Jaclyn. In this thread, I shall be clearing your doubt, Insha'Allah.

Firstly, in Islam, a Caliph can only be elected from Quraish

Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said:The Caliphate will remain among the Quraish even if only two persons are left

(1) https://twitter.com/Amphiist/status/1280148189740400640

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Also the Prophet(ﷺ) prophecied that there will be Twelve Caliphs to Muslims before the Day of Judgement.

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He(ﷺ) also prophesied that the ENTIRE UMMAH (literally the word:الأُمَّةُ) will agree (literally the word Ijmaa':تَجْتَمِعُ) upon the 12 Caliphs.

This is also in line with another hadith: "Verily, Allah will not let my nation agree(ijma) upon misguidance." (Tirmidi 2167)

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Imam Mahdi( رَحِمَهُ ٱللّٰهُ) is not included in this twelve caliphs. Rather OUTSIDE OF IT.

There will be turmoil after the death of the last caliph.

See hadith:

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During this turmoil,a man among the residents of Medina( Imam Mahdi) shall flee to Mecca. Then the people shall pledge bay'ah(allegiance to him), and elect Imam Mahdi(رَحِمَهُ ٱللّٰهُ) as their caliph.

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Another hadith prophecises that Imam Mahdi will have support from a Mujahideen army coming from the east under black banners.

Scholars have 2 views regarding it:
1) it is weak
2) it is authentic

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Assuming that this hadith is sound, what is meant by these black banners?

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As for the specific question of Yazid and Muawiya(R.A) being Caliphs. No they are NOT Caliphs.(despite being from Quraish)

Rasoolullah (ﷺ) said:
"The caliphate of Prophecy will last 30 yrs;then Allah will give the KINGDOM to whom he wishes or HIS KINGDOM to whom he wishes"

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Even the sahaba didnt consider the rulers after Ali(R.A) to be caliphs. They considered Umayyads to be a monarchy, and some rulers amongst them to be the "worst of monarchs"

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However, this doesnt mean that Mu'awiya(رضي الله عنه) was a bad ruler! Rather quite the opposite. Hasan(رضي الله عنه) yielded him the leadership seeing that Mu'awiya was the best fit to lead the community. And lead virtuously, he did. This too, was prophesied by Prophet(ﷺ)

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Yes, Yazid is considered as a fasiq tyrant monarch. But unlike him Mu'awiya(رضي الله عنه) was unanimously respected by all of the Salaf for his zeal for spreading Islam, defending Muslims, waging Jihad against the kuffar, piety, etc.

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Numerous pious Sultans have emerged all across Islamic World through these centuries. Are they considered Caliphs?No. Does that mean they are unjust?HELL NO!

Pics:Some legendary Muslim rulers

1: Sultan Salahuddin
2. Sultan Aurangzeb
3. Tipu Sultan
4. Sultan Abdul Hameed II

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To be a Caliph there are some conditions laid out by the Prophet(ﷺ) & sahaba:

1. he must be from Quraysh
2. he must be a just,pious and sincere Muslim
3. incase he is appointed by the previous caliph,it must be consulted(like Abubakr consulting the appoinment of 'Umar)

4. he must be unanimously pledged allegiance by all Muslims in the world (there cant be 2 competing caliphs)
5. he must be elected through the shoora council ( a body of top Islamic figures who are sincerely just,sefless & pious)
6. there can be no 2 caliphs simultaneously

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If a ruler doesnt fit these conditions, he is just a monarch.

However,a Sultan must not be rebelled against to establish a caliphate.Insha'Allah I shall discuss the fiqh of Khilafah in a later thread.Wait for it..

Islam discourages rebellion&emphasises respecting authority

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Also see:

https://islamqa.info/en/answers/11747/reconciling-the-fact-that-the-khaleefah-should-be-from-quraysh-with-the-hadeeth-about-obeying-an-abyssinian-slave

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I hope your doubts are made clear. Btw sister @Amphiist i know you are going through a phase of lot of doubts regarding the beliefs and legal jurisprudence of Sunnah & Jama'ah of Islam.

If you have any doubt, DM me. I am a bit knowledgeable about these issues
JazakAllah!