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Did the 'Uthmanic mushafs include all the 7 ahruf?
Scholars have differed on this issue. However, the most reasonable and acceptable view is that 'Uthmanic Mushafs didn't include all the 7 ahruf.
Scholars have differed on this issue. However, the most reasonable and acceptable view is that 'Uthmanic Mushafs didn't include all the 7 ahruf.
However, since the 'Uthmanic mushafs were free of supplementary diacritics...etc
the rasm accommodated some other ahruf but definitely not every single harf.
the rasm accommodated some other ahruf but definitely not every single harf.
In other words, some ahruf were left out after the 'Uthmanic standardisation and eventually became extinct.
This view is supported by many early and contemporary scholars.
This view is supported by many early and contemporary scholars.
The multiple readings were a simply a concession (rukhsah) and therefore it wasn't mandatory for Muslims to learn and transmit them all.
لم يكن أمر إيجاب وفرض، وإنما كان أمر إباحة ورخصة.
لم يكن أمر إيجاب وفرض، وإنما كان أمر إباحة ورخصة.
The Prophet said that this Qur'an was revealed in 7 different ahruf, so recite whichever one is easy for you.
He also said that each one of the 7 ahruf is sufficient.
(فأيُّما حَرْفٍ قَرَؤُوا عليه فقَدْ أَصَابُوا)
(فَاقْرَؤُوا ما تَيَسَّرَ منه)
He also said that each one of the 7 ahruf is sufficient.
(فأيُّما حَرْفٍ قَرَؤُوا عليه فقَدْ أَصَابُوا)
(فَاقْرَؤُوا ما تَيَسَّرَ منه)
For the sake of simplicity and to avoid discussing the relationship between the term "ahruf" and the term "Qira'at" in this thread, we can state the following:
The 'Uthmanic Mushafs didn't include all the readings attributed to the Sahabah.
The 'Uthmanic Mushafs didn't include all the readings attributed to the Sahabah.
In other words,
the Qur'an was read in many different ways before the ʿUthmānic codex. However, some readings were left out after the Uthman's standardization.
the Qur'an was read in many different ways before the ʿUthmānic codex. However, some readings were left out after the Uthman's standardization.
Examples,
The famous reading attributed to both Ibn Mas'ud and Abu Ad-Darda':
They read:
والذكر والأنثى
instead of
(وَما خَلَقَ الذَّكَرَ وَالأُنثى)
[الليل: ٣]
[Bukhari]
The famous reading attributed to both Ibn Mas'ud and Abu Ad-Darda':
They read:
والذكر والأنثى
instead of
(وَما خَلَقَ الذَّكَرَ وَالأُنثى)
[الليل: ٣]
[Bukhari]
Another example is a reading by Omar,
He read:
فامضوا
instead of
(...[فَاسعَوا] إِلى ذِكرِ اللَّهِ)
[الجمعة: ٩]
أخرجه عمر بن شبة في تاريخ المدينة، وأبو عبيد في فضائل القرآن.
He read:
فامضوا
instead of
(...[فَاسعَوا] إِلى ذِكرِ اللَّهِ)
[الجمعة: ٩]
أخرجه عمر بن شبة في تاريخ المدينة، وأبو عبيد في فضائل القرآن.
This concept of readings differing from the standard text are well documented and well known in the Islamic tradition.
