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In light of politicians, police, education officials continuing to deny existence of systemic racism, here is a THREAD from @kahiyewarsame and I to show racial disparities and effects of systemic racism in @cityoftoronto. @JohnTory @TorontoPolice @fordnation @SteiniBrown [1/20]
This is a basic but powerful analysis that begins to paint the picture of social inequity across our city. Toronto is a diverse city, but this may be better described as 'segregated diversity'. Black and Visible Minorities predominantly live in Northwest or East Toronto. [2/20]
![This is a basic but powerful analysis that begins to paint the picture of social inequity across our city. Toronto is a diverse city, but this may be better described as 'segregated diversity'. Black and Visible Minorities predominantly live in Northwest or East Toronto. [2/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EatsQYPWsAI3HsZ.jpg "This is a basic but powerful analysis that begins to paint the picture of social inequity across our city. Toronto is a diverse city, but this may be better described as 'segregated diversity'. Black and Visible Minorities predominantly live in Northwest or East Toronto. [2/20]")
![This is a basic but powerful analysis that begins to paint the picture of social inequity across our city. Toronto is a diverse city, but this may be better described as 'segregated diversity'. Black and Visible Minorities predominantly live in Northwest or East Toronto. [2/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EatsR21XsAct41Z.jpg "This is a basic but powerful analysis that begins to paint the picture of social inequity across our city. Toronto is a diverse city, but this may be better described as 'segregated diversity'. Black and Visible Minorities predominantly live in Northwest or East Toronto. [2/20]")
For analysis, we created 2 groups of neighbourhoods and conducted several comparisons.
Group 1: Predominantly White Neighbourhoods = WHNs (>70% White population and <8.9% Black population)
Group 2: Significantly Black Neighbourhoods = BLNs (>8.9% Black population) [3/20]
Group 1: Predominantly White Neighbourhoods = WHNs (>70% White population and <8.9% Black population)
Group 2: Significantly Black Neighbourhoods = BLNs (>8.9% Black population) [3/20]
BLNs are at 1.2 times higher odds of having fewer social resources and services per square kilometer compared to WHNs. This association is not statistically significant, but the distribution of resources and services does appear inversely related to racial distribution. [4/20]
![BLNs are at 1.2 times higher odds of having fewer social resources and services per square kilometer compared to WHNs. This association is not statistically significant, but the distribution of resources and services does appear inversely related to racial distribution. [4/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EatvKLNXYAQWAKP.jpg "BLNs are at 1.2 times higher odds of having fewer social resources and services per square kilometer compared to WHNs. This association is not statistically significant, but the distribution of resources and services does appear inversely related to racial distribution. [4/20]")
![BLNs are at 1.2 times higher odds of having fewer social resources and services per square kilometer compared to WHNs. This association is not statistically significant, but the distribution of resources and services does appear inversely related to racial distribution. [4/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EatvLnuWoAEMqcZ.jpg "BLNs are at 1.2 times higher odds of having fewer social resources and services per square kilometer compared to WHNs. This association is not statistically significant, but the distribution of resources and services does appear inversely related to racial distribution. [4/20]")
BLNs are at 23.1 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households with 5 or more persons living together compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Overcrowding in homes is linked to greater risk of infectious disease spread, chronic illness, poor nutrition, mental illness. [5/20]
![BLNs are at 23.1 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households with 5 or more persons living together compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Overcrowding in homes is linked to greater risk of infectious disease spread, chronic illness, poor nutrition, mental illness. [5/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eatvtc9WoAM0PzF.jpg "BLNs are at 23.1 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households with 5 or more persons living together compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Overcrowding in homes is linked to greater risk of infectious disease spread, chronic illness, poor nutrition, mental illness. [5/20]")
![BLNs are at 23.1 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households with 5 or more persons living together compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Overcrowding in homes is linked to greater risk of infectious disease spread, chronic illness, poor nutrition, mental illness. [5/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EatvuXgXsAElCyI.jpg "BLNs are at 23.1 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households with 5 or more persons living together compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Overcrowding in homes is linked to greater risk of infectious disease spread, chronic illness, poor nutrition, mental illness. [5/20]")
BLNs are at 71.4 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of homes considered unsuitable (below National Occupancy Standard) compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Poor housing conditions are also strongly associated with worse health outcomes. [6/20]
![BLNs are at 71.4 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of homes considered unsuitable (below National Occupancy Standard) compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Poor housing conditions are also strongly associated with worse health outcomes. [6/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat3pVmWAAEdBLq.jpg "BLNs are at 71.4 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of homes considered unsuitable (below National Occupancy Standard) compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Poor housing conditions are also strongly associated with worse health outcomes. [6/20]")
![BLNs are at 71.4 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of homes considered unsuitable (below National Occupancy Standard) compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Poor housing conditions are also strongly associated with worse health outcomes. [6/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat3qqiX0AQUQ83.jpg "BLNs are at 71.4 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of homes considered unsuitable (below National Occupancy Standard) compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Poor housing conditions are also strongly associated with worse health outcomes. [6/20]")
BLNs are at 48.0 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households where the highest level of educational attainment was high school completion compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [7/20]
![BLNs are at 48.0 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households where the highest level of educational attainment was high school completion compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [7/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EatyoGaX0AAvtqX.jpg "BLNs are at 48.0 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households where the highest level of educational attainment was high school completion compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [7/20]")
![BLNs are at 48.0 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households where the highest level of educational attainment was high school completion compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [7/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EatypXuXQAIsHli.jpg "BLNs are at 48.0 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of households where the highest level of educational attainment was high school completion compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [7/20]")
BLNs are at 60.3 times higher odds of having a greater unemployment rate compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [8/20]
![BLNs are at 60.3 times higher odds of having a greater unemployment rate compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [8/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat2It5XsAEk6GG.jpg "BLNs are at 60.3 times higher odds of having a greater unemployment rate compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [8/20]")
![BLNs are at 60.3 times higher odds of having a greater unemployment rate compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [8/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat2Kf9X0AYQDth.jpg "BLNs are at 60.3 times higher odds of having a greater unemployment rate compared to WHNs (p<0.01). [8/20]")
BLNs are at 99.2 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of below-median economic family income households compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Better socioeconomic status (education/employment/income) is directly linked to better physical/mental/emotional health. [9/20]
![BLNs are at 99.2 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of below-median economic family income households compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Better socioeconomic status (education/employment/income) is directly linked to better physical/mental/emotional health. [9/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat2fJJX0AAg8Rf.jpg "BLNs are at 99.2 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of below-median economic family income households compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Better socioeconomic status (education/employment/income) is directly linked to better physical/mental/emotional health. [9/20]")
![BLNs are at 99.2 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of below-median economic family income households compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Better socioeconomic status (education/employment/income) is directly linked to better physical/mental/emotional health. [9/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat2hfHWsAEYFIx.jpg "BLNs are at 99.2 times higher odds of having a greater percentage of below-median economic family income households compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Better socioeconomic status (education/employment/income) is directly linked to better physical/mental/emotional health. [9/20]")
BLNs are at 2.4 times higher odds of having fewer healthy food stores within walking distance (<10mins) compared to WHNs (p=0.02). These areas also have higher unemployment and lower income, but are increasingly becoming reliant on cars to have access to healthy foods. [10/20]
![BLNs are at 2.4 times higher odds of having fewer healthy food stores within walking distance (<10mins) compared to WHNs (p=0.02). These areas also have higher unemployment and lower income, but are increasingly becoming reliant on cars to have access to healthy foods. [10/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat5JEgXYAA2tUD.jpg "BLNs are at 2.4 times higher odds of having fewer healthy food stores within walking distance (<10mins) compared to WHNs (p=0.02). These areas also have higher unemployment and lower income, but are increasingly becoming reliant on cars to have access to healthy foods. [10/20]")
![BLNs are at 2.4 times higher odds of having fewer healthy food stores within walking distance (<10mins) compared to WHNs (p=0.02). These areas also have higher unemployment and lower income, but are increasingly becoming reliant on cars to have access to healthy foods. [10/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat5KG6XkAEUwRs.jpg "BLNs are at 2.4 times higher odds of having fewer healthy food stores within walking distance (<10mins) compared to WHNs (p=0.02). These areas also have higher unemployment and lower income, but are increasingly becoming reliant on cars to have access to healthy foods. [10/20]")
BLNs are at 4.1 times higher odds of having adults report poorer mental health compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Mental health services are also clustered in the city centre; outer regions have low access to these services and often rely on first responders (a.k.a. police). [11/20]
![BLNs are at 4.1 times higher odds of having adults report poorer mental health compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Mental health services are also clustered in the city centre; outer regions have low access to these services and often rely on first responders (a.k.a. police). [11/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat5f1_XgAAgSwf.jpg "BLNs are at 4.1 times higher odds of having adults report poorer mental health compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Mental health services are also clustered in the city centre; outer regions have low access to these services and often rely on first responders (a.k.a. police). [11/20]")
![BLNs are at 4.1 times higher odds of having adults report poorer mental health compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Mental health services are also clustered in the city centre; outer regions have low access to these services and often rely on first responders (a.k.a. police). [11/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat5hBAWoAAX5iu.jpg "BLNs are at 4.1 times higher odds of having adults report poorer mental health compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Mental health services are also clustered in the city centre; outer regions have low access to these services and often rely on first responders (a.k.a. police). [11/20]")
BLNs are at 5.8 times higher odds of having more preventable hospitalizations per 100,000 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Preventable hospitalizations are associated with reduced access to/poor ambulatory care, institutional racism, & perceived racism by patients. [12/20]
![BLNs are at 5.8 times higher odds of having more preventable hospitalizations per 100,000 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Preventable hospitalizations are associated with reduced access to/poor ambulatory care, institutional racism, & perceived racism by patients. [12/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EauFcbaXYAAt8s3.jpg "BLNs are at 5.8 times higher odds of having more preventable hospitalizations per 100,000 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Preventable hospitalizations are associated with reduced access to/poor ambulatory care, institutional racism, & perceived racism by patients. [12/20]")
![BLNs are at 5.8 times higher odds of having more preventable hospitalizations per 100,000 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Preventable hospitalizations are associated with reduced access to/poor ambulatory care, institutional racism, & perceived racism by patients. [12/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EauFd7WWoAUhGEw.jpg "BLNs are at 5.8 times higher odds of having more preventable hospitalizations per 100,000 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Preventable hospitalizations are associated with reduced access to/poor ambulatory care, institutional racism, & perceived racism by patients. [12/20]")
BLNs are at 28.8 times higher odds of experiencing greater rates of COVID-19 cases compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black/Hispanic/Indigenous groups contract+die from COVID-19 at higher rates in USA. Race-based data collection was to begin in Toronto but has yet to be released. [13/20]
![BLNs are at 28.8 times higher odds of experiencing greater rates of COVID-19 cases compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black/Hispanic/Indigenous groups contract+die from COVID-19 at higher rates in USA. Race-based data collection was to begin in Toronto but has yet to be released. [13/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat-azsXsAERRxs.jpg "BLNs are at 28.8 times higher odds of experiencing greater rates of COVID-19 cases compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black/Hispanic/Indigenous groups contract+die from COVID-19 at higher rates in USA. Race-based data collection was to begin in Toronto but has yet to be released. [13/20]")
![BLNs are at 28.8 times higher odds of experiencing greater rates of COVID-19 cases compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black/Hispanic/Indigenous groups contract+die from COVID-19 at higher rates in USA. Race-based data collection was to begin in Toronto but has yet to be released. [13/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat-bo-XQAEQbId.jpg "BLNs are at 28.8 times higher odds of experiencing greater rates of COVID-19 cases compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black/Hispanic/Indigenous groups contract+die from COVID-19 at higher rates in USA. Race-based data collection was to begin in Toronto but has yet to be released. [13/20]")
BLNs are at 128.6 times higher odds of having more adults (20yo+) with diabetes per 100 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black individuals are at higher risk of most chronic illnesses due to lower SES, lack of access to healthy food and culturally competent healthcare. [14/20]
![BLNs are at 128.6 times higher odds of having more adults (20yo+) with diabetes per 100 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black individuals are at higher risk of most chronic illnesses due to lower SES, lack of access to healthy food and culturally competent healthcare. [14/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat-shXX0AILWSc.jpg "BLNs are at 128.6 times higher odds of having more adults (20yo+) with diabetes per 100 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black individuals are at higher risk of most chronic illnesses due to lower SES, lack of access to healthy food and culturally competent healthcare. [14/20]")
![BLNs are at 128.6 times higher odds of having more adults (20yo+) with diabetes per 100 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black individuals are at higher risk of most chronic illnesses due to lower SES, lack of access to healthy food and culturally competent healthcare. [14/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Eat-tceXsAIWi1y.jpg "BLNs are at 128.6 times higher odds of having more adults (20yo+) with diabetes per 100 persons compared to WHNs (p<0.01). Black individuals are at higher risk of most chronic illnesses due to lower SES, lack of access to healthy food and culturally competent healthcare. [14/20]")
BLNs are at 243.8 times higher odds of having lower Neighbourhood Equity Index scores compared to WHNs (p<0.01). NEI shows areas w/ inequitable outcomes based on economic opportunity, social development, participation in decision-making, physical surroundings, & health. [15/20]
![BLNs are at 243.8 times higher odds of having lower Neighbourhood Equity Index scores compared to WHNs (p<0.01). NEI shows areas w/ inequitable outcomes based on economic opportunity, social development, participation in decision-making, physical surroundings, & health. [15/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EauABZHX0AEO5CG.jpg "BLNs are at 243.8 times higher odds of having lower Neighbourhood Equity Index scores compared to WHNs (p<0.01). NEI shows areas w/ inequitable outcomes based on economic opportunity, social development, participation in decision-making, physical surroundings, & health. [15/20]")
![BLNs are at 243.8 times higher odds of having lower Neighbourhood Equity Index scores compared to WHNs (p<0.01). NEI shows areas w/ inequitable outcomes based on economic opportunity, social development, participation in decision-making, physical surroundings, & health. [15/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EauADogX0AE2XDW.jpg "BLNs are at 243.8 times higher odds of having lower Neighbourhood Equity Index scores compared to WHNs (p<0.01). NEI shows areas w/ inequitable outcomes based on economic opportunity, social development, participation in decision-making, physical surroundings, & health. [15/20]")
There are limitations (no Indigenous data, univariate analyses, neighbourhood-level data) but main message remains: inequitable health, social, and economic outcomes is due to systemic RACISM and barriers disproportionately affecting Black & Brown people, not due to race. [16/20]
Police brutality against Black and Indigenous communities is one significant part of this system. @TorontoPolice were 17x more likely to card a Black individual than a White one, and 20x more likely to fatally kill a Black person than a White one. [17/20]
The @TorontoPolice budget is $1.22b of the @cityoftoronto operating budget. Nearly 1/4 of our property tax goes to police. Defunding the police and reallocating money to programs/services is one step to improve health/social/economic aspects in these communities. [18/20]
![The @TorontoPolice budget is $1.22b of the @cityoftoronto operating budget. Nearly 1/4 of our property tax goes to police. Defunding the police and reallocating money to programs/services is one step to improve health/social/economic aspects in these communities. [18/20]](https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EauV3_xWoAMKD4T.jpg "The @TorontoPolice budget is $1.22b of the @cityoftoronto operating budget. Nearly 1/4 of our property tax goes to police. Defunding the police and reallocating money to programs/services is one step to improve health/social/economic aspects in these communities. [18/20]")
Ways you can help: 1) Contact your city councilor https://bit.ly/2Y8ztWr , let them know you're in favour of defunding police https://bit.ly/3ecD8YW . 2) Attend protests & bring attention to this issue. There's one happening in Toronto on Friday https://bit.ly/3hvpJgG . [19/20]
Toronto is a great city, but we can do so much better. All of the data used is publicly available from the @cityoftoronto @StatCan_eng @211Toronto @211Ontario. Continue to fight and advocate for Black and Indigenous people. #BlackLivesMatter 
, Protect #IndigenousRights [20/20]
, Protect #IndigenousRights [20/20]
